Topic 7 definition of terms

1. Copylink- A copyright is a type of intellectual property that gives the creator of an original work, or another right holder, the exclusive and legally secured right to copy, distribute, adapt, display, and perform a creative work, usually for a limited time.[1][2][3][4][5] The creative work may be in a literary, artistic, educational, or musical form. Copyright is intended to protect the original expression of an idea in the form of a creative work, but not the idea itself.[6][7][8] A copyright is subject to limitations based on public interest considerations, such as the fair use doctrine in the United States.

Merriam-Webster

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Copyright Definition & Meaning

2. Plagiarism- Plagiarism is the representation of another person's language, thoughts, ideas, or expressions as one's own original work.[1][2][3] Although precise definitions vary depending on the institution,[4] in many countries and cultures plagiarism is considered a violation of academic integrity and journalistic ethics, as well as social norms around learning, teaching, research, fairness, respect, and responsibility.[5] As such, a person or entity that is determined to have committed plagiarism is often subject to various punishments or sanctions, such as suspension, expulsion from school[6] or work,[7] fines,[8][9] imprisonment,[10][11] and other penalties.

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Plagiarism

3. Cyber bullying- Cyberbullying or cyberharassment is a form of bullying or harassment using electronic means. Cyberbullying and cyberharassment are also known as online bullying. It has become increasingly common, especially among teenagers and adolescents, due to the communication technology advancements and young people's increased use of such technologies.[1] Cyberbullying is when someone, typically a teenager, bullies or harasses others on the internet and other digital spaces, particularly on social media sites.

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Cyberbullying

4. Computer Addiction- Some people develop bad habits with their computer use that may cause significant problems in their lives. The types of behavior and negative consequences are similar to those of known addictive disorders, so the term computer or internet addiction has come into use.

While anyone who uses a computer could be vulnerable, those people who are lonely, shy, easily bored or suffering from another addiction or impulse control disorder are especially vulnerable to computer addiction.

UT Dallas Counseling Center

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Computer Addiction – Student Counseling Center | UT Dallas

5. Digital divide- The digital divide is the unequal access to digital technology, including smartphones, tablets, laptops, and the internet.[1] The digital divide creates a division and inequality around access to information and resources. In the Information Age in which information and communication technologies (ICTs) have eclipsed manufacturing technologies as the basis for world economies and social connectivity, people without access to the Internet and other ICTs are at a socio-economic disadvantage, for they are unable or less able to find and apply for jobs, shop and learn.[1][2]

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Digital divide

6. Cyber libel- The act of spreading false information about another person, group, or organization through a computer network. Libel is the act of publicly and maliciously ascribing a crime, vice, or defect (actual or fictional) to a person or disrespecting the memory of someone who is dead. Cyberlibel, like common law libel, is defamatory, shared with a third party, and directly names the victim(s). Cyberlibel poses a complex problem because cyberspace breeds libel without limit . When proven, the consequences in a court of law can be severe depending on the country.

NordVPN

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Cyberlibel definition - Glossary

7. Cyber Sex trafficking- is the exploitation of a person through the internet via webcam, photos, videos, or other digital media. Like sex trafficking, the victim is forced to provide sexual services via force, fraud, or coercion.

Unlike sex trafficking, victims will likely never come into contact with most of their buyers. Instead, their traffickers may stream, film, or photograph their assault from a central location—which can be anywhere in the world with an internet connection—and send the material to paying online predators.

Cyber Sex Trafficking: A Crime on the Rise

The internet has created a way for people to instantly connect with others around the world. Connections are only becoming faster and stronger as technology continues to evolve. While this is wonderful for families, long-distance friends, and those with common interests, it also makes it easier for traffickers to find, recruit, and exploit unsuspecting victims without getting caught.

Cybersex Trafficking is Replacing Traditional Forms of Human Trafficking

Governments are increasingly taking notice of human trafficking and dedicating laws and forces to suppress it. Due to a generally stricter stance on this problem in many countries, traffickers are seeking opportunities to continue their operations without leaving traces of their location or identity for law enforcement to find. For many, this means moving their operations into the digital world.

The Exodus Road

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Cybersex Trafficking: Grooming and Online Exploitation

8. Online fraud- is a type of cybercrime fraud or deception which makes use of the Internet and could involve hiding of information or providing incorrect information for the purpose of tricking victims out of money, property, and inheritance.[1] Internet fraud is not considered a single, distinctive crime but covers a range of illegal and illicit actions that are committed in cyberspace.[1] It is, however, differentiated from theft since, in this case, the victim voluntarily and knowingly provides the information, money or property to the perpetrator.[2] It is also distinguished by the way it involves temporally and spatially separated offenders.[3]

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Internet fraud

9. Al ethics - Ethics is a set of moral principles which help us discern between right and wrong. AI ethics is a multidisciplinary field that studies how to optimize AI's beneficial impact while reducing risks and adverse outcomes.

IBM

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What is AI Ethics?

10. Cybercrime- Cybercrime is any criminal activity that involves a computer, network or networked device.

While most cybercriminals use cybercrimes to generate a profit, some cybercrimes are carried out against computers or devices to directly damage or disable them. Others use computers or networks to spread malware, illegal information, images or other materials. Some cybercrimes do both -- i.e., target computers to infect them with a computer virus, which is then spread to other machines and, sometimes, entire networks.

A primary effect of cybercrime is financial. Cybercrime can include many different types of profit-driven criminal activity, including ransomware attacks, email and internet fraud, and identity fraud, as well as attempts to steal financial account, credit card or other payment card information.

TechTarget

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What is cybercrime? Definition from SearchSecurity

11. Phishing -Phishing is a form of social engineering and scam where attackers deceive people into revealing sensitive information[1] or installing malware such as ransomware. Phishing attacks have become increasingly sophisticated and often transparently mirror the site being targeted, allowing the attacker to observe everything while the victim is navigating the site, and transverse any additional security boundaries with the victim.[2] As of 2020, it is the most common type of cybercrime, with the FBI's Internet Crime Complaint Center reporting more incidents of phishing than any other type of computer crime.[3]

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Phishing

12. Citezen Journalism- Citizen journalism, also known as collaborative media,[1]: 61  participatory journalism,[2] democratic journalism,[3] guerrilla journalism[4] or street journalism,[5] is based upon members of the community playing an active role in the process of collecting, reporting, analyzing, and disseminating news and information. Courtney C. Radsch defines citizen journalism "as an alternative and activist form of news gathering and reporting that functions outside mainstream media institutions, often as a response to shortcomings in the professional journalistic field, that uses similar journalistic practices but is driven by different objectives and ideals and relies on alternative sources of legitimacy than traditional or mainstream journalism".[6] Jay Rosen offers a simpler definition: "When the people formerly known as the audience employ the press tools they have in their possession to inform one another."[7] The underlying principle of citizen journalism is that ordinary people, not professional journalists, can be the main creators and distributors of news.[8] Citizen journalism should not be confused with community journalism or civic journalism, both of which are practiced by professional journalists; collaborative journalism, which is the practice of professional and non-professional journalists working together;[9] and social journalism, which denotes a digital publication with a hybrid of professional and non-professional journalism.

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Citizen journalism